BACTERIA 

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Germs are single-celled organisms. Their size ranges from 0.1 micron to 10 micron. DNA or RNA inside a germ cell exists This is necessary for the survival of germs and future generations. Germs and their shape Based on the stain character, it is divided into different groups. Small flagella are present on the cell wall of motile bacteria and help in movement. Some germs also go in the form of spores to protect themselves.

Morphology of Bacteria.

1 - Cocci
2 - Bacilli
3 - Vibrio
4 - Spirilla
5 - Spiro Chaetes


COCCI:

Cocci are round or spherical in shape, in pairs or in long chains. Cocci range in size from 0.5 to 1 micrometer.
Their further classification is as follows

Diplococci

 Example

  1 -  Meningococci
  2 -  Gonococci

Long chain-shaped cocci:

1 - Streptococci
2 - Streptococci Pyogenese


Cocci in various forms:

1 - These are called staphlococci

Example
Staphlococcus


Rod Form Bacilli:

These are rod-shaped bacteria. Both their edges are rounded. Their size is up to 10-1 micrometers. They are also called Cocco Bacilli. Apart from this, Lacto Bacilli are also included in the form of Strepto Bacilli branches in chain form.


Vebrio:

They are in the form of crooked rods. They are 3-4 micrometers in length and 0.5 micrometers in width. These bacteria move with the help of flagellum.
 
Example
 Vibrio Cholera


Spirilla:


These are small round hard type germs. Their length is up to 3-4 micrometers. These bacteria move with the help of flagella.


Spiro Chaetes:

These are flexible round and motile bacteria. Examples include:
 Treponema Pallidum
 Apart from this, Borellia Vincenti is also included in it.


NOTE:

(A) Rickettsiae

Although Rickettsia is included in the family of bacteria, most of its characteristics are similar to viruses.
Fortunately, rickets can be cured with antibiotics.

(B) Chlamydiae

Clay media are 250 to 500 nanometers in size.
Their characteristics are also quite similar to viruses.

 (C) Prion Particle

They are neither viruses nor germs, they are just protein molecules that cause disease.

Bacteria Lacting Cell Wall

Cell wall is not present in lower germs

1 - Mycoplasma
2 - L- Forms
3 - Spheroplast
4 - Protoplast

Reproduction of Bacteria:

Germ growth process is very simple and one germ divides into two. Also the DNA inside the germ divides and replicates back to its original state. Different antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth Can stop at places. In this way, these medicines help to eliminate the infection.
 The following bacteria are clinically important:

Reproduction and transformation:

Bacteria might also reproduce and trade using the subsequent methods:

(A) Binary fission: An asexual shape of replica, wherein a mobile continues to grow until a new mobile wall grows through the middle, forming two cells. These separate, making  cells with the identical genetic cloth.

(B) Transfer of genetic material: Cells gather new genetic fabric through procedures called conjugation, transformation, or transduction. These methods can make micro organism stronger and greater capable of face up to threats, inclusive of antibiotic medicinal drug.

(C) Spores: When a few kinds of micro organism are low on resources, they can form spores. Spores keep the organism’s DNA fabric and include the enzymes wanted for germination. They are very proof against environmental stresses. The spores can remain inactive for hundreds of years, till the proper situations arise. Then they could reactivate and end up bacteria.

(D) Spores can continue to exist thru intervals of environmental strain, such as ultraviolet (UV) and gamma radiation, desiccation, hunger, chemical exposure, and extremes of temperature.

Some bacteria produce endospores, or internal spores, while others produce exospores, which might be launched out of doors. These are referred to as cysts.

Gram Positive Bacteria:


Cocci


1 - Staphlococcus
2 - Strptococcus
3 - Enterococcus




Rods:

1 - Coryne Bacteria
2 - Listeria
3 - Lactobacillum
4 - Nocardia
5 - Mycobactia
6 - Bacillium
7 - Actinomycetes
8 - Clostridium


Bacterial cells are a unique array from plant and animal cells. Bacteria are prokaryotes, which means they don't have any nucleus.

A bacterial cellular consists of:

1 - Capsule: A layer found at the outdoor of the cellular wall in some bacteria

2 - Cell wall: A layer this is made of a polymer known as peptidoglycan. The cellular wall offers the micro organism its shape. It is placed out of doors the plasma membrane . The cellular wall is thicker in a few bacteria, known as Gram high quality bacteria.
3 - Plasma membrane: Found in the cellular wall, this generates power and transports chemical substances. The membrane is permeable, which means that substances can bypass through it
4 - Cytoplasm: A gelatinous substance inside the plasma membrane that carries genetic material and ribosomes.
5 - DNA: This includes all of the genetic instructions used within the development and feature of the bacterium. It is located inside the cytoplasm.
6 - Ribosomes: This is where proteins are made, or synthesized. Ribosomes are complex particles made from RNA-wealthy granules.
7 - Flagellum: This is used for movement, to propel some kinds of bacteria. There are some bacteria that can have multiple.
8 - Pili: These hair-like appendages on the out of doors of the mobile allow it to stick to surfaces and switch genetic fabric to different cells. This can make a contribution to the spread of illness in people.





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